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Japan's IC cards are weird and wonderful

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While I was in Japan over winter, one thing that stood out to me was the incredible public transport system. Efficient and reliable, as expected, but the tap-in-tap-out gates at the stations were suspiciously fast. The London Underground gates don't work nearly as quick with Google Pay or any of my other contactless cards - what gives? I spent some time researching what makes Japan's transit card system (IC cards) so unique compared to the West, and all of the interesting bits I learned along the way.

Basics of NFC

Near-field communication is a set of protocols which lets two devices communicate with each other without physically touching, using radio waves at 13.56 MHz (defined by ISO/IEC 14443). It's used all over the place:

Wait... didn't you just say that the security of MIFARE Classic is terrible? Someone could clone my keycard - or worse yet, get into my (whatever) without even needing a keycard?

Yes, and it's worse than you think. That's why it's considered legacy, and fortunately nothing security-critical really uses MIFARE Classic anymore. I mean, you're not worried about someone breaking into your hotel room, right?

What's interesting about Japan (and Asia in general) is that they have their own type of NFC which basically does not exist in the West: FeliCa, a standard developed by Sony, officially classified as NFC type F (as opposed to MIFARE, which is type A). In fact, FeliCa came first, being developed in 1988; as opposed to Philips' (now NXP) MIFARE which was introduced in 1994. FeliCa started getting widespread adoption initially not in Japan, but in Hong Kong, through its public transport Octopus cards in 1997 - only later did JR East adopt FeliCa for its Suica transit cards in November 2001, and Rakuten started using FeliCa for its Edy cards (the name reminds me of something...). After that, a bunch of Asian countries adopted it, like Vietnam and Bangladesh. They fill the same niche in those countries as they do in Japan: contactless prepaid cards and transit tickets.

Places like Hong Kong and Tokyo have a lot of commuters, leading to a lot of congestion around station gates. Sony realised this, and invested heavily into the performance of their technology - FeliCa cards boast an advertised communication speed of up to 424kbps, making a noticeable improvement in gate processing speeds compared to Western counterparts. Compare the speed of passing through a ticket gate on the Underground to a Tokyo ticket gate (part of this HN discussion) - you could practically sprint through. This is partly achieved by the fact that transactions only involve the card and the reader itself - the reader doesn't talk to an external server to perform a transaction. This makes IC cards stored-value cards - as in, they store the value on themselves, rather than their value being stored on the backend where it's controlled fully by the operator. The card also stores a history of recent transactions, and you can use any NFC reader to read this, even from your phone. But this stored-value model raises some interesting points about security... we'll get back to that đŸ€”

These cards also come with some extra quality-of-life stuff, like conflict avoidance - a reader can detect when it's reading more than 1 FeliCa card at a time, and prevent any reading if so:

As an aside, how the hell does Philips get an 8 year head start, and still design a card which is both slower than and less secure than FeliCa? I don't know if it's negligence, cost-cutting, or something else, but this leads to real security issues in the real world! Security through obscurity does not work.

Osaifu-Keitai

Osaifu-Keitai (saifu, "wallet"; keitai, "mobile") is a system to let you use your phone as an IC card, emulating a Suica, Pasmo, or whatever else. Over the years there has been some confusion about the relationship between FeliCa, IC cards, Osaifu-Keitai, and how this relates to Apple and Google's phones. When I first started reading about this topic this all went over my head as well, but I've tried to gather my findings here for future reference. A lot of this is thanks to FelicaDude (Reddit, Twitter), an anonymous internet stranger who disappeared a few years ago but seems to have a lot of knowledge about how FeliCa works. I can't verify any of this information, but it makes sense to me; and anyway, there's no way someone would lie on the internet, right?

Modern smartphones have NFC hardware. In order for a phone to be certified as NFC-capable, it must support NFC-A, NFC-B, and NFC-F (FeliCa). All phones which support NFC support FeliCa. Using NFC-F, you can use your phone to interact with an existing, physical IC card that you have in your possession. Using an app like Suikakeibo, you can do exactly this - here's a screenshot from my Xiaomi Redmi Note 13 Pro where I tap my PASMO card and read out its stored value and transaction history:

Screenshot of the Suikakeibo app on a phone, showing card value and recent transaction history

However, NFC-F support is not enough to use your phone as an IC card. Instead, this requires Osaifu-Keitai support. Osaifu-Keitai was originally developed by NTT Docomo as a feature for feature phones, letting you use your phone to make calls and act as an IC card. Later, this was integrated into smartphones by taking advantage of secure elements already present on the phone for other functions which require securely storing cryptographic keys (Apple Pay, Google Pay, biometric unlock). Modern phones have the necessary hardware to act as an IC card, but the secure element probably doesn't have the necessary keys. Phone vendors (Apple, Google) probably pay FeliCa Networks for each key they generate and put on a device (licensing or something). Since there's no point in generating keys for a device which will not be used in Japan, non-Japan SKUs don't have Osaifu-Keitai functionality. So even if you rooted your phone and had full access to the secure element, if your phone's secure element doesn't have the key, you can't use it as an IC card.

Clarification: The part about non-Japan SKUs applies to Android devices, but Apple eats the cost of the keys and gives all phones Osaifu-Keitai functionality. Osaifu-Keitai works on all modern iPhones, regardless of rooting or if it's a Japan device or not.

There may be more reasons that Android devices don't all have Osaifu-Keitai functionality besides missing the keys. I assume that there's also some kind of licensing or patent issues, but I couldn't find any public info on this, so I can't confirm my suspicions. One HN commenter mentions this GitHub repo which seems to have more details on this.

Security

When I first read about the fact that the card stores its value on itself, I immediately thought, there's no way this is safe right? After further reading, I think that these cards are actually incredibly secure, and I'm kind of shocked how well it's stood the test of time (from 1988 btw!!!) - seriously a testament to how well you can do something if you plan it out right from the start and don't pretend that obscurity is security then try to sue people who point out how shitty your system is. I could find barely any info on successful attacks on FeliCa outside of a single paper detailing a bug exploited by a cashier, which was caught anyway by audit logs and HK Octopus cards' clearing house system. The only real concern I've seen brought up is the fact that the crypto is proprietary, and probably buried underneath a mountain of NDAs, so the public can't audit it independently.

Generally speaking, IC cards are immune from:

  • cloning (can't read the keys)
  • a successful attack on another card (each card has its own keys)
  • replay attacks (per-session unique keys are generated in the challenge/response)

One possible attack vector would be exploiting Apple's IC card implementation. If an iPhone can emulate an IC card, then there's code somewhere on the system that can perform the necessary handshakes, right? However, the keys for this handshake are stored in the Secure Enclave. You're only getting into the SE if you are Mossad, NGO Group, or another scary three-letter agency; and if you do manage that:

  • you can do much more than spoof a Japanese transit card
  • you are probably about to make millions in your denomination of choice, either by being hired or by selling a zero-day
  • your lifespan has been dramatically shortened

The only other attack vector is the reader itself. Card charging machines and station gates may be viable to some kind of attack, but even if you could pull one off, they (probably) send transaction logs to a central audit server somewhere, and your misdeeds will be easily flagged as an anomaly. This is exactly what happened in the paper linked above. Once your card has been flagged, its ID is probably added to a hotlist which is synced across all reader terminals under the operator's control, and if the reader detects a card on its hotlist, it immediately rejects the transaction. If you're lucky, it might even call over some law enforcement. Reader devices have limited space in this hotlist, so maybe you could generate millions of flagged cards, fill up the hotlists, then use one of your original/later flagged cards without being blocked? I'm just spitballing at this point, I have no clue how this might work. But it's an interesting idea nonetheless.

Offline terminals, however, are a different story: something like a vending machine is not usually maintained by the card operator, but by a 3rd party who uses the operator's IC card reader. These kinds of machines are likely not networked, do not sync hotlists, and do not send audit logs - a viable attack vector! Unfortunately due to geometrical issues, I am unable to bring a vending machine back home with me, so I can't investigate this.

Future ideas

After researching FeliCa for a while, I've come up with some future ideas where I can take my thoughts.

I want to build out the software for a miniature version of a train station network. The entire software stack, from the gate-level (embedded microcontroller programming), to the station controller (maybe explore something to do with a CAN bus to connect multiple gates to a single station), all the way up to a control plane which tracks journeys across stations, and provides an audit log of transactions. Obviously this would never be something intended to be used in a real transit system, but it sounds like a fun hobby project 😁

Apart from that, maybe research why exactly FeliCa is so much faster than its competition for NFC communication. What's the physics behind it? Is there room to improve the speed, and get sub-100ms taps? This is nowhere close to my area of expertise, but if someone with relevant knowledge in this field could share their insight or write their own post, I'm sure that would be an interesting read!

I'm happy with what I've learned about FeliCa. I am not at all an expert in NFC, mobile payment systems, cryptography, or cyber security, but I've at least been able to get a glimpse into this unusual world. I wonder if I'll be able to ever apply this knowledge anywhere.

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Quakers condemn police raid on Westminster Meeting House

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Media information

Media Officer
Quakers in Britain
07958 009703
@mediaquaker.bsky.social
<a href="mailto:media@quaker.org.uk">media@quaker.org.uk</a>

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My Most Dangerous ER Experience and How My Advocate Saved My Life

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This is the fifth and final article in my series about the experience of going to the hospital when you’re disabled and/or chronically ill. The series began when I wrote a piece called “I Won’t Go to the ER Unless I’m Literally Dying.” The responses confirmed what I knew to be true based on my own personal experience - which is that many disabled people are terrified of ending up in the hospital and go to great lengths to avoid it. You can find Part 2 - Tips for Surviving a Hospital Trip When Chronically Ill here and Part 3 - How to Stay Covid Safe When in Hospital here.

Part 4 in the series was ‘How to be an Effective Advocate for a Disabled Patient’ and highlighted the importance of having someone with you whenever you need the hospital. It was designed to help advocates learn WHY they’re necessary and how to be the best possible advocate they can be.

This is an issue that’s near and dear to my heart because I almost lost my life to medical negligence in my early twenties - and it was an unexpected advocate who saved me. If I had been alone I have no doubt I wouldn’t be here today. I feel the need to add a content warning to this post - for medical errors, gaslighting and fertility and gynaecological issues. I hope you will read on - but if these issues are difficult for you please feel free to skip and/or revisit in small chunks when you feel able. Safeguarding our mental health is also an important part of the disabled experience.

When I was 13 I got my first period. My experience was not like my friends. It was incredibly painful - literally knocking the wind out of me and leaving me stuck on the bathroom floor for days. I bled so much that I would need to lay in the bathtub just to try and cut down on sanitary products. Something was definitely ‘wrong.’

Unfortunately I was repeatedly told my experience WAS normal until I was 19 and an OB GYN suggested I might have endometriosis. She performed an exploratory surgery and confirmed the diagnosis but offered no treatment beyond birth control pills.

The next few years of my life would be spent suffering horrendously painful and heavy periods - but also growing increasingly weak from severe anemia. I kept going to gynaecologists trying to find one who was actually willing to HELP me - since birth control pills weren’t cutting it. I had six surgeries to try and remove the endometriosis and lessen the symptoms - but each time relief was incredibly short lived and the disease came back worse than before.

By the time I was 24 - my anemia had become so severe that I was having weekly iron injections. They were painful and often sidelined me for an entire day because my hip would dislocate and bruise severely. Despite these injections my hemoglobin was barely holding at 70
 and my ferritin stores had dropped to zero. For those not familiar with typical labs - it is highly unusual and concerning to have a ferritin of zero. Should you be in an accident or have anything happen that causes you to lose blood - your risk of death goes up when you have no available stores.

Despite all of this - I was still left with few treatment options. I was in and out of the ER requiring IV fluids and electrolytes to maintain my dreadfully low blood pressure. They would often bring in medical students to look at my vitals because they ‘couldn’t believe’ I was still conscious. I felt like a performing monkey - asked to stand up so they could see how drastic my orthostatic vitals were - but never actually provided with treatment that could IMPROVE the situation. All I was ever given were bandaids. It turns out I had POTS (Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome) that was missed every single time.

At this point I’m basically living in the ER and/or or the hospital - having surgery after surgery and not getting any better. It was still the early days of the internet so finding good information on endometriosis treatment was difficult - and all I could really do was trust that the doctors knew what they were doing (spoiler alert - they didn’t).

I finally found an expert in a larger city a few hours from my home and went to see him - and he confirmed that my case was severe and required a type of surgery I wasn’t being offered. Excision is the gold standard for endometriosis and involves cutting out the disease to ensure none is left behind. I was being given ablation - which involves using a laser to burn off the top layer of disease. It’s known for leaving lesions behind which cause the condition to spread - as well as creating a lot of scar tissue that could be avoided with a more refined technique.

Unfortunately for me - this doctor only performed surgeries for women who were trying to get pregnant and therefore refused to operate on me. This was my first glaring example of misogyny in medicine. I was sick and in desperate need of help - but he only saw value in removing the endometriosis if it was a barrier to conception. If it was simply to give me back some semblance of a quality of life? He was uninterested. I didn’t want to get pregnant given I was too sick to work or perform basic activities of daily living - so I was once again sent on my way with no change in treatment.

Image Description: An artistic drawing in black on a light pink background. It shows a woman with long wavy dark hair sitting among a few thorny and leafy vines. She is curled in a ball with her face covered by her hands, knees and hair.

A few months later I had the worst period of my life. I will avoid the gory details but within 24 hours I knew something was dreadfully wrong. Compared to my normal awful periods - this was on another level. I went to the ER where it quickly became apparent that I was haemorrhaging and required an emergency hysterectomy. No one asked WHY this was happening in a 24 year old - my uterus was rupturing and no one seemed interested in the reason. Due to my non-existent ferritin my body couldn’t keep up with the blood loss and I required multiple rounds of blood transfusions and platelets during surgery.

When I woke up - I felt like Superwoman. Despite having a major operation my pain was better than when I went in. The blood transfusions meant I had a normal hemoglobin for the first time in years and I could feel the difference. Given I was ‘young and otherwise healthy’ (or so they thought) they believed I could be discharged the very next day.

Unfortunately - things started to go sideways. My vitals weren’t improving, my hemoglobin was falling again, I was losing energy and becoming listless. My one day hospital stay quickly turned into five days
 each day getting progressively worse.

I had endured enough surgeries in my life to know that if you’re healing properly - each day you get a little better. Increasing pain, fatigue and generalized sickness is NOT a good sign. I asked the doctors and nurses why I wasn’t improving and was dismissed every time. They treated me as though my expectations for healing were unrealistic or that I had a low threshold for pain and was simply being ‘whiny’.

Day five post op and I was still in the hospital - relying on a catheter to pee and IV fluids to keep my blood pressure up. My hemoglobin was close to pre-hysterectomy levels. It was a Friday and my surgeon was scheduled to go away for a long weekend. She came into my room and told me I had stayed long enough and that as long as I could pee when they removed the catheter - I would be going home. I asked her why my blood pressure and lab work were getting worse and she shrugged and said I just needed to give my body more time to heal.

Keep in mind I’m 24 - I’ve just lost my uterus and with it my ability to bear children - and I’m on a high dose of pain medication. I didn’t know how to advocate for myself. I didn’t know how to push back. So I packed up and went home despite knowing in my bones that something was wrong.

The next two weeks were the toughest of my life. I was fortunate enough to have my then boyfriend and coworkers coming each day to check on me and help me with household tasks
 but I felt absolutely dreadful. My swelling was increasing every day, I had no appetite, I had increasing pain and absolutely no energy. In my previous surgeries I was off all pain meds by day five (if not sooner)
 but this time I was needing increasingly strong doses. I wasn’t even able to update my social media to let people know the surgery went ok because I was too exhausted to type.

After a few days of this - my boyfriend took me to the ER. They checked my temperature, blood pressure and heart rate but ran NO other tests before sending us home. They were condescending and dismissive
 saying “you just had major surgery you shouldn’t expect to feel well.” We had barely been dating six months and he was only 22 years old - he didn’t know how to advocate. He had no previous experience in hospital settings - so he took them at their word and brought me home to ‘heal.’

Unfortunately - and predictably - I continued to decline. I was no longer eating and I was sleeping round the clock. I needed to be carried to and from the bathroom. He took me back to the ER two more times and the same thing happened. Basic vitals were checked but no one ran lab work or did so much as an ultrasound before we were accused of attention seeking or drug seeking and sent home.

Two weeks passed during which time we went to the ER, were dismissed and sent home. Two weeks of me getting so sick that my friends genuinely feared for my life. Finally my boyfriend reached HIS breaking point after finding me unconscious on the bathroom floor. He would later tell me that he was certain if he didn’t get me immediate medical attention - I would die.

By this point I didn’t want to go to the ER. I couldn’t fathom spending another twelve hours in an uncomfortable waiting room chair only to be inevitably dismissed again. I just wanted to stay in my bed - and I don’t think I understood that staying home might lead to my death.

My boyfriend called a coworker to drive us so he could carry me and keep me steady in the car. I passed out en route and he carried me into the ER - unconscious - for our fourth and final visit. I came to when we reached triage - but they still dismissed us. Looking back I can’t believe we kept our cool for us as long as we did - but we were young and they were the ‘experts’. We hadn’t yet learned how common medical mistakes were. They asked us why we were back. They told my boyfriend that they had been clear that we shouldn’t expect treatment as nothing was wrong and we needed to be ‘patient.’

He demanded they run tests and they pointed to the blood pressure, temperature and heart rate. It’s worth noting that my blood pressure was low (80/50) and while I did have a fever - it wasn’t as high as you would expect if someone had a serious post operative complication.

They once again were making it clear they were going to send us home with no help - so my boyfriend blocked the door and said he was NOT taking me home until they ran additional tests. He had to use his large physical presence to get attention - he got loud and said “if I take her home she’s going to die.” They threatened to call security but he held his ground and said they could call whoever they wanted - we weren’t leaving without tests.

This tactic may not be safe for everyone. We were fortunate that this occurred in Canada and that he was white
 the situation never escalated to physical violence. It absolutely could have and I’m grateful every day that it didn’t. They did threaten to call the police for ‘trespassing’ but he sternly told them that if they did that he would tell the police that they had been refusing me even the most basic of tests.

Thankfully - a doctor overheard the exchange and finally came to see me. At this point we had only seen nurses and security guards. This doctor took one look at me - pale, sweaty, breathless and curled up in the fetal position - and immediately ordered an ultrasound and extensive lab work.

Image Description: An artistic drawing featuring a sketch of a partial woman’s face with runny splotches of vibrant colours around the edges.

As soon as the ultrasound and blood work came back I was being injected with high doses of IV antibiotics, pain medication and rushed for a CT scan. I had a flurry of doctors and nurses around me and most looked panicked. It turns out they saw a large shadow on the scan that indicated either a perforated bowel or abscess and my blood work showed I had a life threatening infection and needed another round of blood transfusions.

It had become so serious that the hospital we were at couldn’t even treat me - and I had to be transported to a larger hospital nearby. My boyfriend left to contact my family and make sure things were ready for me at the other hospital. I don’t remember much of that time - but what I can recall through the haze of pain, exhaustion, fear and medications - was a doctor telling me I only have a 50% chance of survival and a very kind stranger. There was an older woman who was at the ER with her husband who approached me and asked if she could hold my hand. Normally I would think this odd - but it felt comforting. I lost my Mom when I was 19 and in my haze it felt like she was watching over me.

When I got to the other hospital the surgeon was waiting for me and I was rushed into the OR.

When I woke up in recovery - I instantly felt better. It was a night and day difference compared to how I felt before surgery. The pain was significantly improved and I felt clearer headed despite just having a major operation. It turns out my original surgeon had missed cauterizing an artery - which had been bleeding into my belly since the first operation three weeks prior. An abscess had formed to try and contain the bleed and it had become infected.

They were able to remove the entire abscess, fix the artery and wash out my abdomen to reduce the risk of the infection spreading - but I still had to spend a number of weeks on IV antibiotics and it took me eleven months to heal. I lost nearly a year of my life, my ability to bear children and my faith in medical staff all because a number of healthcare workers decided they knew my body better than me.

I’ve had nearly twenty years to reflect upon this experience - and with hindsight it’s easier to see all the ways things went wrong. For example - my extremely heavy periods were never properly investigated or managed. When I hemorrhaged - no one bothered trying to figure out why. It turns out I have the vascular subtype of Ehlers Danlos Syndrome - the most severe form of the disease. Had we known this my surgery would have been handled more delicately. We would have been more prepared for the possibility of a catastrophic bleed.

I also have Dysautonomia - a condition which impacts the autonomic nervous system. That system controls all your subconscious processes. Things like blood pressure, heart rate, temperature and breathing. As a result my vitals didn’t respond the way one would ‘expect’ with such a severe infection and internal bleed.

This is why I say you should always know your baseline. Now that I’m armed with information about what is ‘normal’ for me - as well as what types of things my conditions can cause - I can more confidently advocate for myself.

In the end - I’m incredibly grateful to still be alive. This story could have easily had a devastating ending. I think back to the boyfriend who advocated for me and the fact that he was only 22 years old with absolutely no medical or chronic illness experience. He could have believed the doctors and doubted me. He could have given up. He could have walked away. He certainly didn’t need to put himself on the line and risk potential arrest the way he did.

Thankfully he saw what so many healthcare workers apparently couldn’t see - he saw that something was dangerously wrong. With no medical experience or training he KNEW my life was on the line - which makes it all the more heartbreaking that we were ignored so many times. In all those visits to the ER my surgeon never once came down for a consult - they wouldn’t even deign to give me an OB-GYN resident. It was constant dismissal, gaslighting and ignorance and it nearly cost me my life.

The boyfriend and I aren’t together anymore - but we do stay in touch and this experience impacted him just as much as me. His view of the healthcare system and how women, people with disabilities, chronic illnesses or marginalized individuals are treated was forever changed. We both carry scars and trauma from what happened - and they will probably never go away.

I’m a far better advocate for myself now than I was back then - and I would imagine he is as well. That being said you should never have to risk potential arrest to get needed medical care. You shouldn’t need a man to ensure you aren’t sent home to die. You shouldn’t have to go to the ER four times with a life threatening post operative complication. The system failed us every step of the way - as it fails so many people each and every day. Not all of them will have a happy ending.

We must do better. It’s taken two decades for me to share this experience because I find it hard to relive - but it’s a story that needs to be told. So many people will die due to medical errors and negligence and never be able to tell their stories. Many have stories similar to mine and don’t have a platform to share them.

These types of events are not nearly as isolated as we would like to believe - it’s a systemic problem that needs to be called out so it can be addressed. I’m thankful to everyone who shares their stories, who encourage others to speak out and who I know will stand by me for sharing this one.

Never let anyone tell you you’re wrong about what’s happening in your body. You are the expert and must trust your gut. I hope this story and the other articles in my series will help people learn how to advocate for themselves, how to advocate for others and provide them the courage to do so even when the deck is stacked against them.

This post is public - please share with anyone you think could benefit from learning about advocacy in healthcare settings.

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Have you had a dangerous healthcare experience? Were you disbelieved or mistreated? Please feel free to leave a comment below - I believe that the more we share our stories and discuss what works and what doesn’t - the safer we will all be.

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If you’re faced with having to have a hysterectomy - or if you just want to learn how to support someone who is - I highly recommend HysterSisters. Their message board was an invaluable support during my recovery and I’m so grateful for the wisdom and camaraderie I found.

For more information on women’s health, menstruation, menopause and all things periods - check out ’s excellent SubStack The Vajenda.

Big thank you to for finding both graphics used in this post. Selecting images is something I find difficult - and she’s an awesome helper who also designed my header!

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Why Corn And Soy Are In EVERYTHING - YouTube

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Let’s Remember Why There’s a System of Federal Research Grants to Universities - TPM – Talking Points Memo

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Send comments and tips to talk at talkingpointsmemo dot com. To share confidential information by secure channels contact me on Signal at joshtpm dot 99 or via encrypted mail at joshtpm (at) protonmail dot com.

This is largely preaching to the choir, but it’s absent enough from the news coverage that is worth stating clearly. Most right-thinking people are aghast at Trump’s onslaught on higher education. The range of reasons is endlessly discussed and doesn’t need to be enumerated here. But through those discussions is the subtext that higher education is dependent on federal subsidies. There is some truth to this when it comes to Pell grants and backstopping student loans. But with grants to fund scientific research, it turns the reality on its head. It’s the federal government which is the initiator here, both historically and also in terms of the ongoing dynamic of grant-making.

It’s the federal government, significantly at the dawn of the country’s great power status, that decided that it wanted to fund a range of different kinds of basic scientific research. Some of it was industrial and had economic development goals, some was cutting edge technology often focused on maintaining military superiority. Biomedical research had a mix of both aims and also focused on the general ideas of scientific and national progress so prevalent in the mid-late 20th century. Some of it was focused on what we’d now call soft power. The great power, certainly the great power center of the “free world,” had to be the place with the top scientists and knowledge.

Often the products of government-funded research paid off in unpredictable ways. The building blocks of the Internet emerged from the Pentagon’s DARPA program. But the trajectory in every case started with the federal government, which wanted certain kinds of scientific research done. A core strategic decision was made early on to outsource this work to independent, though often state-run universities. There was an obvious alternative, which was to build a big federal research institution that did everything in-house as it, were. Why that did not happen is a complicated story. There’s some of this at the National Institutes of Health, of course. But most of the funding is channeled through the domain knowledge banked within NIH to underwrite research at universities and academic medical centers.

Needless to say, as things have evolved, the universities aren’t complaining. The Harvards and UC Berkeleys and Wisconsins and Princetons have to a great extent remade themselves around this almost eighty year old federal partnership. They would not have become the world-class institutions of higher learning they became without being the hosts to the research the federal government paid for. There is also big competition to land researchers who can bring in grants. The universities profit greatly, though not simply in narrowly economic terms. The more grants, the more attractive a place to do research, the higher levels of academic talent who can be brought to the university. The more top-tier people, the more grants. It builds on itself. But that doesn’t change the fact that the process began with the needs and decisions of the federal government.

To listen to a lot of news reporting, and by no means only Trump-friendly coverage, you might think that the big research universities got here like so many academic Amtraks. Down on their luck industries that were falling apart and needed federal support to survive.

This is of course a thumbnail history. The role of American universities was transformed by the post-war boom not simply because of the national government’s focus on funding basic research but because the ambitions and the ideological transformation of the country changed the basic assumptions of who should benefit from and attend colleges and universities. It’s also true that having remade themselves around federal research, grants universities are ill-prepared to have those hundreds of millions withdrawn overnight. That’s obvious. But this basic trajectory, who started what, who asked for what is the necessary context for any discussion of what’s happening today.

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Crazy condo insurance increases | Ask MetaFilter

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How is the building set for seismic requirements? In California there are entire categories of building that are hard to insure due to seismic risk in the basic design and insurers are not always clear about that (they just reject, rather than say "hey, fix these things and then we can do business")
posted by aramaic at 7:24 PM on May 16

I was on the board at our condo building (25 units) until recently and our insurance has probably doubled in the last 5-6 years. They have new requirements, are going crazy over minor things, and many refused to cover. You're definitely not the only one.
posted by BlackLeotardFront at 8:05 PM on May 16

SAME! Seattle condo, building can barely get insurance year after year 

posted by tristeza at 10:36 PM on May 16

Talk to your current insurer. Ask what can be done to make the building more fire and earthquake safe. Make sure the building has good railings, and other safety measures. This is a harsh reality if Climate Change, but you may be able to mitigate it.
posted by theora55 at 6:08 AM on May 17

Have you talked to any brokers? How did you find your new provider? I would shop around and also see if this current provider is willing to work with your building on ways to reduce the premium. As long as you communicate with the owners of each unit so they know the reason the fees are going up, you have done your job. Most single family home insurance rates are going up at the same time.
posted by soelo at 11:54 AM on May 17

Yes. I don't remember the details but I was on our condo board on the east coast when our premiums increased like this. Fire, flood, older building, too many claims on the policy.
posted by 8603 at 3:48 PM on May 17

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