On November 28, 2024, Russian missile attacks cut water and electricity to 280,000 people in the Rivne region of Ukraine. On the same day, thousands of miles away, a mother and her daughter were assaulted by their neighbors in a dispute over access to water in Panvel, India. The following day, explosives planted in a canal in Kosovo destroyed critical water infrastructure and cut water and power to cities across the country in an attack Kosovo attributed to Serbia. On December 1, forces opposed to the Syrian government of Assad seized the main water pumping plant for Aleppo, the largest city in Syria, and cut off water to the city.

These events are just a few of the 420 violent events over water resources reported in 2024 in the newly updated Water Conflict Chronology, which tracks incidents where water has been a trigger, casualty, or weapon of conflict. That database now includes over 2,750 documented cases of water conflicts, spanning thousands of years. Violence over water has reached record levels, continuing the increase in such events over the past two decades. The number of incidents reported in 2024 was nearly 20 percent higher than 2023 and nearly 80 percent higher than 2022, reflecting a steep growth in such incidents.

Violence over water has been reported around the world, in every region, including events where access to or control of water resources triggers conflict and where water or water systems are used as weapons or targets of war and armed conflict. Almost a third of the events reported in 2024 occurred in the conflicts between the Israelis and Palestinians and in the Russia-Ukraine war, where civilian water systems, dams, treatment plants, and energy supplies critical for providing safe water have been repeatedly attacked. There has also been a substantial increase in conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa, between cities and rural areas over diversions of rivers and overpumping of groundwater, and between clans and even families over access to scarce water resources.

Cyberattacks on water utilities are also increasing, where hackers—often working for foreign governments—have sought to gain control over water treatment and delivery plants. In January 2024, a pro-Russia hacktivist group accessed control systems at two Texas water facilities and tampered with controls and alarms. In a survey of 350 US and UK water and electric utilities, more than three-fifths reported being targeted by cyberattacks, with a majority reporting serious disruption or corruption of data or systems.

There is also growing evidence that climate change is worsening the severity of extreme floods and droughts, contributing to growing water violence. As temperatures rise and as climate disruptions worsen, water resources are particularly vulnerable. In southern Asia, local protests over water scarcity and drought and fights over water access have been reported. Extreme drought in Iran, worsened by recent heatwaves, threatens to completely dry up Tehran’s water supply, while water diversions from rural areas to Iranian cities have repeatedly provoked protests and riots over the past several years, with many injuries and deaths reported. At the same time, tensions between Iran and Afghanistan are growing over the shared Helmand River, with several instances of armed conflicts along the border.

It is urgent that efforts be made to reduce the threat of water-related conflicts and to reverse the worsening trend of water violence. Accelerating efforts to meet basic human needs for safe water and sanitation universally, already an objective of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, will reduce conflicts triggered by water poverty and disputed water rights. International laws like the Geneva Convention and its Protocols, which are supposed to protect civilian water systems from attacks during wars, are being flouted. They should be aggressively enforced and violators prosecuted by the International Criminal Court in The Hague. Hundreds of rivers and aquifers cut across national borders, and countries that share these watersheds should negotiate treaties that allocate water equitably among the parties and include tools and approaches for peacefully resolving disputes. Even where treaties exist, such as between the United States and Mexico on the Rio Grande, climate change and drought are threatening both diplomatic disputes and violence over water deliveries. The nations of the world have just concluded another round of disappointing negotiations at COP30 in Brazil and must accelerate efforts to slow and reverse climate change and to improve the resilience of water systems against those climate impacts that can no longer be avoided.

Although water has increasingly become a source of violence and conflict, underscoring the need for international attention, water can also be a source of cooperation and peace if nations, communities, and water institutions acknowledge the problem and work to ensure access to safe, affordable water for all. But first, global leaders need to be willing to abide by and enforce international laws and principles protecting the world’s water.

In this video screenshot, Sue Tincher (center) is handcuffed by federal agents after she responded to an alert that ICE was in her north Minneapolis neighborhood in early in the morning on Tuesday.

Courtesy of Dr. Toxic

A 55-year-old woman who is an American citizen was arrested early Tuesday after confronting ICE officers over the arrests of three of her neighbors in the Willard-Hay neighborhood of north Minneapolis. She appears to be the first observer arrested by federal law enforcement officers since the agency launched an immigration surge in the Twin Cities last Monday. 

ICE spokespeople did not respond to a request for comment or confirm the arrests. 

Susan Tincher was awakened a little before 6:30 a.m. by alerts on her phone that an ICE arrest was happening in her neighborhood. She walked over alone and asked one of the officers across the street from the home that was being raided if they were ICE. She said the officer told her to “get back.” Tincher refused, and said multiple agents approached her. 

Federal law makes it a crime for anyone who “forcibly assaults, resists, opposes, impedes, intimidates or interferes” with a federal law enforcement agent while they’re conducting their duties. Tincher, a white woman in her mid-50s who stands 5 feet, 4 inches tall, insists she was at speaking distance from the agent and said that she did nothing to “impede” their actions.

“Pretty soon they were throwing me on the ground and handcuffing me and putting me in their unmarked truck,” Tincher said, estimating that the whole interaction just took a few seconds. “There were other watchers, who were asking me what my name was and everything, so I identified myself to them, then I started yelling, ‘Help!’ because I was being kidnapped.” 

Video shared with MPR News shows three officers escorting Tincher to an unmarked truck as observers yell, “Where are you taking her?” Agents don’t appear to respond. 

Tincher said agents told her in the truck that if she didn’t watch herself “they were going to pull me over to the side of the road and give me this OC,” law enforcement shorthand for pepper spray. 

Katy Rollins lives next door to the house being raided and was woken shortly after 6 a.m. by pounding on the home’s door. 

“I got up, looked out my bedroom window and saw eight vehicles, all unmarked,” Rollins said, “One was parked up on the sidewalk — it was an armed personnel carrier.” 

Rollins found her whistle, which is being used to alert neighbors to the presence of ICE agents, and alerted rapid response groups to the ICE presence before going into her front yard in her bare feet to observe. Rollins saw two of her neighbors taken out in handcuffs and was told by the family afterwards that a third person had also been arrested.  

About eight observers were on the scene, Rollins said. 

“I’m very worried about the folks who are still there, worried about the folks who were kidnapped — actions like this spread fear and anxiety,” Rollins said. 

A camera crew was present at the arrest and Tincher later saw them in the courthouse, but it’s not clear whether they worked for the agency or for media friendly to the Trump administration that embedded with ICE agents. In other cities like Chicago, ICE agents have been accompanied by camera crews. 

Susan’s husband Jim Tincher said he was shocked to be notified by neighbors that his wife had been arrested. He spent all day trying to find where she was being held, with Minnesota elected officials like U.S. Rep. Ilhan Omar and U.S. Sen. Tina Smith assisting in the search.  

Jim Tincher said it’s incredible to see “that the government can do this, arrest somebody for doing nothing illegal, and throw her down, handcuff her,” Jim Tincher said. “Seeing the video of Sue being handcuffed on the ground? That was chilling.” 

Being unable to locate loved ones is a common situation for the families of people detained by ICE, said attorney Julia Decker, policy director for the Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota.  

“It can often be very difficult for family, friends, even lawyers, to get information about where a person is being taken or where they’re going to be taken,” Decker said. “The administration itself, the government itself, has not always been particularly transparent about that.” 

Decker said detainees are often transferred with no notice between facilities or even between states, and that detainees don’t have many opportunities to communicate from inside the facilities. 

Decker said they’re now seeing cases where ICE agents violate constitutional protections on a daily basis. She and other immigration attorneys advise clients about the rights they should have but warn about the areas where ICE agents have been violating them.    

“If this administration is able to sort of run roughshod over these laws and rules that we believed to be so well established, and there is no mechanism by which there can be accountability, or that the harms can be rectified, where does that leave us?” Decker asked.  

It’s not clear how many people have been detained in Minnesota by ICE during the last two weeks, although the agency has identified 19 people arrested by agents who are in the country illegally and have criminal histories. 

The anecdotal evidence coming into Decker’s office shows that ICE arrests in Minnesota may follow a similar pattern to immigrant enforcement surges in other places like Chicago, where reporters discovered that the majority of people detained had no criminal record.  

It was at about noon that Jim Tincher learned that his wife was being released. He picked her up at the Whipple Federal Building. 

Tincher has marks on her neck and wrist from where agents restrained her. Agents cut off her wedding ring and held her in leg shackles at Whipple Federal Building for about five hours, where she saw about seven other detainees. 

Tincher said she’s even more motivated after her arrest to volunteer to support immigrants in her community. 

“I’m just so concerned about our neighbors, our peaceable neighbors, being abducted, and the worries their families are going through,” Tincher said. “I just don't want this to be happening in our country.” 

For more than a year, I’ve been helping take care of multiple community members with very severe Long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) who lack supportive family. 

I have Long COVID myself (and have likely had ME since I was 13, after an extended bout of mono). I am too sick to be doing this work — but there is no social safety net for people who are too unwell to advocate for themselves, and so in many cases, it is the sick who are taking care of one another. I live with the knowledge that the people I am caring for could be me someday.  

There’s a lot I wish people knew about the world of very severe ME: that people are being turned away from homeless shelters, locked up in psych wards, and dying of starvation for lack of feeding tubes. But I would also stress the mind-numbing, soul-eroding, cosmically absurd mundanity of what I call survival admin. Alongside the forced starvation, there is paperwork. So much paperwork.

In an average week, I would estimate that I spend at least a third of my limited productive hours repeating requests that have already been made. “Could you please sign this housing form?” “Did you fax the updated order to the infusion company?” “Could you please upload the clinical notes from the appointment so we can get reimbursed by the grant?” 

The last request took two months, nine phone calls, and in the end still cost the person I care for $1,200 because the notes didn’t have the correct ICD code. To make it worse, the grant that was supposed to reimburse them dropped their case entirely, citing “inactivity.”

I’ve learned to look at medical admin like a project management job, and track each step that relies on other people to make sure it actually happens. As a general rule, I now expect to ask at least three to five times before anything gets done and always ask for proof, like a confirmation or tracking number. 

I understand that doctors are frustrated and overworked, too, particularly when it comes to dealing with insurance. As Britta Shoot reported this summer, many ME and Long COVID specialists are choosing to opt out of insurance entirely in order to “spend more time on patient care rather than administrative work.”

Having experienced this phenomenon firsthand, as both a caregiver and a patient, I would argue the opposite: that administrative work is patient care, especially for people with severe illness who are living in poverty.

Having a doctor who is willing and available to engage with survival admin makes the difference between being able to access necessities and going without, and can be the only lifeline against neglect. It’s the closest thing to having someone truly in your corner, especially if you’re navigating the Medicaid system.

Administrative work is patient care, especially for people with severe illness who are living in poverty.

This piece focuses on Medicaid, not only because Long COVID is a disease of poverty, but because Medicaid is the only major insurance that provides comprehensive coverage for home care. Access to home care allows people with severe ME to remain in the community instead of being forced into nursing homes. It’s also an essential protection against potential domestic violence because it prevents people from having to rely on partners or parents.

Here are some other goods and services that Medicaid will pay for, at least if you have the right paperwork.

• Incontinence and other bathroom supplies: This includes adult diapers, disposable bed pads or “chux,” and possibly even external “female” catheters, which are notoriously expensive. To get any of these items covered, a doctor has to prescribe them, and that doctor had better be actively enrolled with Medicaid and licensed in the correct state.

  If the thought of asking for a prescription for diapers feels like a step too far — well, they’ll run you about $100–200 per month out of pocket.

• Transportation: If you absolutely must see a doctor in person, Medicaid will pay for private ambulance services — including stretcher transportation if you cannot sit up due to severe orthostatic intolerance — but it requires paperwork be completed by a doctor.

  If your doctor doesn’t take Medicaid or doesn’t understand how to submit the correct forms, then your options are a wheelchair-accessible ride-share ($50–100, no masking, no accommodations for orthostatic intolerance), or a caregiver driving if they have a car.

• IV fluids: Some doctors are willing to prescribe IV fluids (for the low blood volume associated with dysautonomia and ME) but have no idea how to find an infusion company that will actually fulfill the order. After calling about a dozen companies in New York City, I found that most will do IV fluids only if you are also receiving another IV medication, such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), that will make the company a profit: Normal saline is relatively cheap (when it’s available), whereas IVIG can cost up to $40,000 a month.

  Alternatively, you can book a same-day service for about $250 from any number of private-pay companies that market IV fluids as a hangover cure and general “wellness” boost. 

People who can afford to pay for these things without assistance are able to skip over several administrative steps, leaving their doctors time to focus solely on traditional medicine. This means they get more access to specialized care, such as the cutting-edge testing offered at Mount Sinai’s Cohen Center for Recovery from Complex Chronic Illnesses, which aims to identify and treat the root causes of these diseases. (According to a spokesperson for Mount Sinai, the center has some patients who are on Medicaid.)

Meanwhile, patients living in poverty often have to ration their appointments. The average primary care appointment is painfully short — often around 15 minutes — and I’ve personally been instructed to bring up only one issue per appointment. If the next appointment isn’t available for at least three months, how is anyone supposed to get all their needs met? 

At the same time, my friends with severe ME tell me they worry that their doctors will “drop” them if they send too many MyChart messages or ask for too much administrative work outside of an appointment setting. All of this puts additional burden on the sick person and contributes to the risk of rolling post-exertional malaise.

At the core of this problem: The healthcare system expects patients to have family members or partners who will build relationships with their doctors, and who can take on this massive administrative burden as a full-time job. Lacking that family support is itself an economic liability, an example of what researcher Sarah Halpern-Meekin calls “social poverty.”

The healthcare system expects patients to have family members or partners who will build relationships with their doctors, and who can take on this massive administrative burden as a full-time job.

Patient-led initiatives such as #MEAction’s pilot Home Help Navigation program in Minnesota can help bridge the gap, as could state-based funding for peer navigators within healthcare systems. Rooted in both HIV/AIDS advocacy and the psychiatric survivors movement, peer support connects people seeking care with others who may share their lived experience.

Additionally, every Long COVID clinic should employ an interdisciplinary team consisting of at least one primary care provider, one social worker, and one Medicaid billing expert. They should foster direct relationships with infusion companies, compounding pharmacies, and social services agencies so that sick people and their families don’t have to do nearly as much of the legwork.

All of this costs money. Any advocacy for research funding, whether at the state or federal level, needs to include funds to keep Long COVID clinics open and support their integration with social services. When researchers do find better treatments for Long COVID and ME, these networks will be essential in order to reach those most in need. 

A model for this, in theory, would be New York Medicaid’s Health Home program. Health Homes are networks of providers who consolidate their services in order to help keep high-risk patients out of the hospital. (Contrary to the name, they do not necessarily provide housing assistance.) In practice, the vast majority of Health Home networks utilize a behavioral health model intended to serve people who meet rigid and often stigmatizing criteria of mental illness and substance use disorder.

This approach is woefully ill-equipped to help patients who have any kind of physical illness, let alone one as complex and disabling as ME or Long COVID. A model whose stated primary goal is to reduce “unnecessary hospitalizations” can never truly bridge the care gap for the Long COVID community when patients are likely being admitted far less often than they should be, and the most severely ill continue to be turned away from emergency care while starving to death. Even those who are lucky enough to be admitted for malnutrition rarely receive appropriate hospital care.

Karen Hargrave, cofounder of the U.K. campaign #ThereForME, wrote of the death of Maeve Boothby O’Neill: “Maeve was everyone’s patient but no one’s responsibility. She did not just slip through the cracks, she was plunged into a vast abyss.” There are so, so many Maeves, far more than most doctors will ever realize, because the sickest and poorest and most marginalized may never be able to access care at all.

As a caregiver and a patient, I am begging every single Long COVID doctor: Please do not turn us away because we are too much paperwork. Make us your responsibility. The administrative side of patient care may be tedious and alienating, but it saves more lives than you know. Don’t let us fall into the abyss.

The administrative side of patient care may be tedious and alienating, but it saves more lives than you know. Don’t let us fall into the abyss.

Miranda DeNovo is a patient and caregiver and the founder of Long COVID Safety Net, which advocates for urgent responses to the interconnected crises of homelessness and domestic violence among people with post-viral illnesses.

All articles by The Sick Times are available for other outlets to republish free of charge. We request that you credit us and link back to our website.

More commentary articles

Scientists at Yale School of Medicine have argued that long COVID belongs to a long-established family of post-acute infection syndromes, and that historical records of past epidemics can guide efforts to understand mechanisms, reduce stigma, and develop effective treatments

A research team from the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA has highlighted the status of long COVID in the wider context of post-acute infection syndromes and other chronic illnesses that follow infections. In a recent paper, the authors argued that careful study of long COVID alongside historical accounts of earlier epidemics can provide crucial perspective on the profound and long-lasting effects of these conditions and can help to inform more effective interventions to prevent and treat them.

“Post-acute infection syndromes are a long-overlooked but important area of medicine, and long COVID represents a contemporary manifestation of a phenomenon that has been described for more than a century,” said co-author Dr Christine Miller of Yale School of Medicine.

She added that clinicians across generations have reported patients who fail to return to their baseline health after an acute infection, yet medicine has often treated these cases as curiosities rather than as a coherent, biologically grounded group of conditions.

“Recognising that these conditions are not a recent phenomenon reframes long COVID within a broader historical and biological context and emphasises the urgent need to understand their mechanisms,” said Dr Miller.

By placing long COVID on a continuum with other post-acute infection syndromes, she argued, researchers can avoid the impression that it is an entirely unprecedented disorder and instead draw on a richer body of clinical observation and scientific theory.

Across history, outbreaks of infectious disease, from influenza to poliomyelitis, have left a subset of patients with persistent, often unexplained symptoms long after the initial infection has resolved. The paper describes how these symptoms have included severe fatigue, shortness of breath, neurocognitive and sensory problems, and pain in muscles and joints. For many people, the authors noted, these sequelae have been disabling and have disrupted work, education and family life.

Yet the biological mechanisms that trigger and maintain such symptoms have remained unclear, which has limited the development of diagnostic tests and targeted treatments.

“The greatest challenge to develop treatments for long COVID is to understand the underlying pathobiology,” said co-author Dr. Janna Moen, a post-doctoral researcher into neurobiology, at Yale School of Medicine.

“Several hypotheses exist, from viral persistence to immune dysregulation. But without a better understanding, diagnostic tests and targeted therapies are difficult to design,” she added.

The authors have emphasised that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and that different mechanisms may dominate in different individuals or at different stages of illness.

To gain historical insight, the team examined major epidemics in modern history in which post-acute symptoms had been well documented, including the influenza pandemics of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Their aim was not to compile a comprehensive catalogue of every outbreak or syndrome but to illustrate a recurring pattern across pathogens and time periods that highlights shared features of post-acute infection syndromes.

These patterns, they argued, include the tendency for symptoms to arise after an apparently typical acute illness, the difficulty of demonstration of persistent organ damage with routine tests and the consequent tendency for patients to face scepticism or stigma.

“One surprising finding was how closely historical descriptions of post-influenza exhaustion from the 1889–1890 epidemic mirror modern accounts of long COVID,” said Dr Miller.

“Reading physicians’ notes from that era felt almost indistinguishable from today’s clinical reports,” said Miller.

The paper notes that doctors more than a century ago described patients who experienced prolonged fatigue, cognitive difficulties, disturbed sleep, and heightened sensitivity to exertion, in language that resonates strongly with contemporary case reports of long COVID.

“We were also surprised to find how frequently children were affected. These syndromes are often discussed in the context of adult illness, but historical accounts highlight that paediatric populations are also vulnerable to these long-term effects,” Dr Miller said.

The authors have suggested that recognition of childhood susceptibility should influence future study design, service planning, and discussions of long-term educational and developmental consequences.

The authors have outlined a multi-pronged strategy to investigate leading hypotheses about the mechanisms that underlie post-acute infection syndromes. They have combined data from diverse patient cohorts, including individuals with long COVID and related conditions, with detailed analysis of biospecimens such as blood and tissue samples, and with experimental work in animal models.

By integration of clinical observations with mechanistic studies, the team aims to identify biological pathways that could serve as targets for disease prevention or treatment across different post-acute infection syndromes, rather than for long COVID alone.

“We hope this paper raises awareness about the prevalence and continuum of post-acute infection syndromes [in a historical context] preceding long COVID,” said co-author Professor Akiko Iwasaki of Yale School of Medicine.

“By situating long COVID within the history of post-infectious illnesses, we aim to reduce stigma and encourage coordinated efforts to develop effective treatments,” she added.

Iwasaki argued that a clearer sense of continuity with past epidemics may help health systems to plan for long-term care, guide funding agencies to support sustained research programmes, and reassure patients that their experiences fit within a recognisable medical framework.

The Yale team has concluded that long COVID should be understood as part of a broader class of post-acute infection syndromes that medicine has often under-recognised. By drawing on more than a century of clinical experience and by coupling historical analysis with contemporary laboratory science, they have argued that researchers and clinicians can move closer to robust diagnostic criteria, credible biological models, and ultimately therapies that relieve the long-term burden of infection-associated chronic illness.

For further reading please visit: 10.1016/j.it.2025.10.010

© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact <a href="mailto:reprints@oup.com">reprints@oup.com</a> for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact <a href="mailto:journals.permissions@oup.com">journals.permissions@oup.com</a>.

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